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Second, by the mid-nineteenth century, various Forest Acts were also being enacted in the different provinces. Through these Acts some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were declared ‘Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. Other forests were classified as ‘Protected’. In these, some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted. The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor. The herds trampled over the saplings and munched away the shoots. This prevented new trees from growing. These Forest Acts changed the lives of pastoralists. They were now prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. Even in the areas they were allowed entry, their movements were regulated. They needed a permit for entry. The timing of their entry and departure was specified, and the number of days they could spend in the forest was limited. Pastoralists could no longer remain in an area even if forage was available, the grass was succulent and the undergrowth in the forest was ample. They had to move because the Forest Department permits that had been issued to them now ruled their lives. The permit specified the periods in which they could be legally within a forest. If they overstayed they were liable to fines.
Question 1.1
What were valuable timber producing forests declared as?
(a) Protected
(b) Private
(c) Reserved
(d) Common
Answer:
The valuable timber-producing forests were declared as “Reserved” .
Question 1.2
Under which forests category some customary grazing rights of Pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted?
(a) Reserved
(b) Protected
(c) Forest village
(d) Private
Answer:
Under Protected forests , some customary grazing rights of Pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
Question 1.3
The herds trampled over the saplings and munched away the:
(a) roots
(b) stems
(c) leaves
(d) shoots
Answer:
From the paragraph
The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor. The herds trampled over the saplings and munched away the shoots.
The herds trampled over the saplings and munched away shoots.
Question 1.4
The ........ specified the periods in which they could be legally within a forest.
(a) permit
(b) licence
(c) admit card
(d) application
Answer:
From the paragraph
They needed a permit for entry. The timing of their entry and departure was specified, and the number of days they could spend in the forest was limited.
Pastoralists needed a permit to enter the forests.
