Question 1 - Case Based Questions - Chapter 1 Class 10 History - Rise of Nationalism in Europe - History

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: 

''Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make state's power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future''.

Which of the following statement correctly describes about European conservative ideology?

(a) Preservation of beliefs introduced by Napoleon.

(b) Preservation of two sects of Christianity.

(c) Preservation of socialist ideology in economic sphere.

(d) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and society 

Answer

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European  governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.  Conservatives believed that established traditional  institutions of state and society – like the monarchy,  the Church, social hierarchies, property and the  family – should be preserved. Most conservatives,  however, did not propose a return to the society  of pre- revolutionary days. 

Checking the options:

• (A) Preservation of beliefs introduced by Napoleon - The aim of the Treaty of Vienna was to undo all the changes brought in Europe during Napoleonic wars. So, this option is not correct.
• (B) Preservation of two sects of christianity -  There is no such mention of sects of christianity in the paragraph . So, this option is not correct.
• (C) Preservation of socialist ideology in the economic  sphere.  - There is no mention of  socialist ideology in the paragraph. So, this option is not correct .
• (D) Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state and  society  -  Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church etc should be preserved. So, this option is correct .

So, the correct answer is (D).

Question (ii)

Identify the purpose to convene the Congress of Vienna in 1815 from the following options.

(a) To declare competition of German unification

(b) To restore conservative regime in Europe

(c) To declare war against France

(d) To start the process of Italian Unification

Answer

The  Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor  Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty  of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of  the changes that had come about in Europe during  the Napoleonic wars.

Checking the options:

• (A) To declare competition of German Unification - There is no such mention of German unification. So, this option is not correct.
• (B) To restore conservative regime in Europe - Congress of Vienna of 1815  was convened for the purpose of restoring conservative regime in Europe . So, this option is correct.
• (C) To declare war against France.  - There is no mention of declaration of war against France. So, this option is not correct .
• (D) To start the process of Italian unification   -  There is no such mention of Italian unification. So, this option is not correct .

So, the correct answer is (B).

Question (iii)

What did conservatives focus on at the Congress of Vienna? Select the appropriate option.

(a) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe

(b) To establish socialism in Europe

(c) To introduce democracy in France

(d) To set up a new Parliament in Austria 

Answer

Most conservatives,  however, did not propose a return to the society  of pre- revolutionary days. Rather, they realized,  from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that  modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional  institutions like the monarchy. It could make the state's  power more effective and stronger. A modern  army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy,  the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could  strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. 

Checking the options:

• (A) To re-establish peace and stability in Europe - Conservatives did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. By modernisation they wanted to re-establish peace and stability in Europe. So, this option is correct.
• (B) To establish socialism in Europe - There is no such mention of establishing socialism in Europe. So, this option is not correct .
• (C) To introduce democracy in France - Conservatives regime set up in 1815 were autocratic. So, this option is not correct .
• (D) To set up a new parliament in Austria -  There is no such mention of setting up of a new parliament in Austria. So, this option is not correct .

So, the correct answer is (A).

Question (iv)

How did the Congress of Vienna ensure peace in Europe? Select the appropriate option.

(a) With the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty

(b) Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy

(c) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe

(d) By giving power to the German confederation 

Answer

Checking the options:

• (A) With the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty - Bourbon dynasty rose to power as a consequence of the Treaty of Vienna. So, this option is not correct.
• (B) Austria was not given the control of Northern Italy - Austria was given control of north Italy. So, this option is not correct .
• (C) Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe  - Prussia given important new territories on its western frontiers, Austria given control of north Italy, Russia given part of Poland and Prussia given a portion of Saxony . So, this option is correct .
• (D) By giving power to the German confederation -  German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. So, this option is not correct .

So, the correct answer is (C).